OILS / opy / _regtest / src / sre_parse.py View on Github | oilshell.org

836 lines, 714 significant
1from __future__ import print_function # for OPy compiler
2
3#
4# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
5#
6# convert re-style regular expression to sre pattern
7#
8# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved.
9#
10# See the sre.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
11#
12
13"""Internal support module for sre"""
14
15# XXX: show string offset and offending character for all errors
16
17import sys
18
19from sre_constants import *
20
21SPECIAL_CHARS = ".\\[{()*+?^$|"
22REPEAT_CHARS = "*+?{"
23
24DIGITS = set("0123456789")
25
26OCTDIGITS = set("01234567")
27HEXDIGITS = set("0123456789abcdefABCDEF")
28
29WHITESPACE = set(" \t\n\r\v\f")
30
31ESCAPES = {
32 r"\a": (LITERAL, ord("\a")),
33 r"\b": (LITERAL, ord("\b")),
34 r"\f": (LITERAL, ord("\f")),
35 r"\n": (LITERAL, ord("\n")),
36 r"\r": (LITERAL, ord("\r")),
37 r"\t": (LITERAL, ord("\t")),
38 r"\v": (LITERAL, ord("\v")),
39 r"\\": (LITERAL, ord("\\"))
40}
41
42CATEGORIES = {
43 r"\A": (AT, AT_BEGINNING_STRING), # start of string
44 r"\b": (AT, AT_BOUNDARY),
45 r"\B": (AT, AT_NON_BOUNDARY),
46 r"\d": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_DIGIT)]),
47 r"\D": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT)]),
48 r"\s": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_SPACE)]),
49 r"\S": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE)]),
50 r"\w": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_WORD)]),
51 r"\W": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_WORD)]),
52 r"\Z": (AT, AT_END_STRING), # end of string
53}
54
55FLAGS = {
56 # standard flags
57 "i": SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE,
58 "L": SRE_FLAG_LOCALE,
59 "m": SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE,
60 "s": SRE_FLAG_DOTALL,
61 "x": SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE,
62 # extensions
63 "t": SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE,
64 "u": SRE_FLAG_UNICODE,
65}
66
67class Pattern:
68 # master pattern object. keeps track of global attributes
69 def __init__(self):
70 self.flags = 0
71 self.open = []
72 self.groups = 1
73 self.groupdict = {}
74 self.lookbehind = 0
75
76 def opengroup(self, name=None):
77 gid = self.groups
78 self.groups = gid + 1
79 if name is not None:
80 ogid = self.groupdict.get(name, None)
81 if ogid is not None:
82 raise error, ("redefinition of group name %s as group %d; "
83 "was group %d" % (repr(name), gid, ogid))
84 self.groupdict[name] = gid
85 self.open.append(gid)
86 return gid
87 def closegroup(self, gid):
88 self.open.remove(gid)
89 def checkgroup(self, gid):
90 return gid < self.groups and gid not in self.open
91
92class SubPattern:
93 # a subpattern, in intermediate form
94 def __init__(self, pattern, data=None):
95 self.pattern = pattern
96 if data is None:
97 data = []
98 self.data = data
99 self.width = None
100 def dump(self, level=0):
101 seqtypes = (tuple, list)
102 for op, av in self.data:
103 print(level*" " + op, end=' ')
104 if op == IN:
105 # member sublanguage
106 print()
107 for op, a in av:
108 print((level+1)*" " + op, a)
109 elif op == BRANCH:
110 print()
111 for i, a in enumerate(av[1]):
112 if i:
113 print(level*" " + "or")
114 a.dump(level+1)
115 elif op == GROUPREF_EXISTS:
116 condgroup, item_yes, item_no = av
117 print(condgroup)
118 item_yes.dump(level+1)
119 if item_no:
120 print(level*" " + "else")
121 item_no.dump(level+1)
122 elif isinstance(av, seqtypes):
123 nl = 0
124 for a in av:
125 if isinstance(a, SubPattern):
126 if not nl:
127 print()
128 a.dump(level+1)
129 nl = 1
130 else:
131 print(a, end=' ')
132 nl = 0
133 if not nl:
134 print()
135 else:
136 print(av)
137 def __repr__(self):
138 return repr(self.data)
139 def __len__(self):
140 return len(self.data)
141 def __delitem__(self, index):
142 del self.data[index]
143 def __getitem__(self, index):
144 if isinstance(index, slice):
145 return SubPattern(self.pattern, self.data[index])
146 return self.data[index]
147 def __setitem__(self, index, code):
148 self.data[index] = code
149 def insert(self, index, code):
150 self.data.insert(index, code)
151 def append(self, code):
152 self.data.append(code)
153 def getwidth(self):
154 # determine the width (min, max) for this subpattern
155 if self.width:
156 return self.width
157 lo = hi = 0
158 UNITCODES = (ANY, RANGE, IN, LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL, CATEGORY)
159 REPEATCODES = (MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT)
160 for op, av in self.data:
161 if op is BRANCH:
162 i = MAXREPEAT - 1
163 j = 0
164 for av in av[1]:
165 l, h = av.getwidth()
166 i = min(i, l)
167 j = max(j, h)
168 lo = lo + i
169 hi = hi + j
170 elif op is CALL:
171 i, j = av.getwidth()
172 lo = lo + i
173 hi = hi + j
174 elif op is SUBPATTERN:
175 i, j = av[1].getwidth()
176 lo = lo + i
177 hi = hi + j
178 elif op in REPEATCODES:
179 i, j = av[2].getwidth()
180 lo = lo + i * av[0]
181 hi = hi + j * av[1]
182 elif op in UNITCODES:
183 lo = lo + 1
184 hi = hi + 1
185 elif op == SUCCESS:
186 break
187 self.width = min(lo, MAXREPEAT - 1), min(hi, MAXREPEAT)
188 return self.width
189
190class Tokenizer:
191 def __init__(self, string):
192 self.string = string
193 self.index = 0
194 self.__next()
195 def __next(self):
196 if self.index >= len(self.string):
197 self.next = None
198 return
199 char = self.string[self.index]
200 if char[0] == "\\":
201 try:
202 c = self.string[self.index + 1]
203 except IndexError:
204 raise error, "bogus escape (end of line)"
205 char = char + c
206 self.index = self.index + len(char)
207 self.next = char
208 def match(self, char, skip=1):
209 if char == self.next:
210 if skip:
211 self.__next()
212 return 1
213 return 0
214 def get(self):
215 this = self.next
216 self.__next()
217 return this
218 def tell(self):
219 return self.index, self.next
220 def seek(self, index):
221 self.index, self.next = index
222
223def isident(char):
224 return "a" <= char <= "z" or "A" <= char <= "Z" or char == "_"
225
226def isdigit(char):
227 return "0" <= char <= "9"
228
229def isname(name):
230 # check that group name is a valid string
231 if not isident(name[0]):
232 return False
233 for char in name[1:]:
234 if not isident(char) and not isdigit(char):
235 return False
236 return True
237
238def _class_escape(source, escape):
239 # handle escape code inside character class
240 code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
241 if code:
242 return code
243 code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
244 if code and code[0] == IN:
245 return code
246 try:
247 c = escape[1:2]
248 if c == "x":
249 # hexadecimal escape (exactly two digits)
250 while source.next in HEXDIGITS and len(escape) < 4:
251 escape = escape + source.get()
252 escape = escape[2:]
253 if len(escape) != 2:
254 raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr("\\" + escape)
255 return LITERAL, int(escape, 16) & 0xff
256 elif c in OCTDIGITS:
257 # octal escape (up to three digits)
258 while source.next in OCTDIGITS and len(escape) < 4:
259 escape = escape + source.get()
260 escape = escape[1:]
261 return LITERAL, int(escape, 8) & 0xff
262 elif c in DIGITS:
263 raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
264 if len(escape) == 2:
265 return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
266 except ValueError:
267 pass
268 raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
269
270def _escape(source, escape, state):
271 # handle escape code in expression
272 code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
273 if code:
274 return code
275 code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
276 if code:
277 return code
278 try:
279 c = escape[1:2]
280 if c == "x":
281 # hexadecimal escape
282 while source.next in HEXDIGITS and len(escape) < 4:
283 escape = escape + source.get()
284 if len(escape) != 4:
285 raise ValueError
286 return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16) & 0xff
287 elif c == "0":
288 # octal escape
289 while source.next in OCTDIGITS and len(escape) < 4:
290 escape = escape + source.get()
291 return LITERAL, int(escape[1:], 8) & 0xff
292 elif c in DIGITS:
293 # octal escape *or* decimal group reference (sigh)
294 if source.next in DIGITS:
295 escape = escape + source.get()
296 if (escape[1] in OCTDIGITS and escape[2] in OCTDIGITS and
297 source.next in OCTDIGITS):
298 # got three octal digits; this is an octal escape
299 escape = escape + source.get()
300 return LITERAL, int(escape[1:], 8) & 0xff
301 # not an octal escape, so this is a group reference
302 group = int(escape[1:])
303 if group < state.groups:
304 if not state.checkgroup(group):
305 raise error, "cannot refer to open group"
306 if state.lookbehind:
307 import warnings
308 warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind '
309 'assertions are not supported',
310 RuntimeWarning)
311 return GROUPREF, group
312 raise ValueError
313 if len(escape) == 2:
314 return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
315 except ValueError:
316 pass
317 raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
318
319def _parse_sub(source, state, nested=1):
320 # parse an alternation: a|b|c
321
322 items = []
323 itemsappend = items.append
324 sourcematch = source.match
325 while 1:
326 itemsappend(_parse(source, state))
327 if sourcematch("|"):
328 continue
329 if not nested:
330 break
331 if not source.next or sourcematch(")", 0):
332 break
333 else:
334 raise error, "pattern not properly closed"
335
336 if len(items) == 1:
337 return items[0]
338
339 subpattern = SubPattern(state)
340 subpatternappend = subpattern.append
341
342 # check if all items share a common prefix
343 while 1:
344 prefix = None
345 for item in items:
346 if not item:
347 break
348 if prefix is None:
349 prefix = item[0]
350 elif item[0] != prefix:
351 break
352 else:
353 # all subitems start with a common "prefix".
354 # move it out of the branch
355 for item in items:
356 del item[0]
357 subpatternappend(prefix)
358 continue # check next one
359 break
360
361 # check if the branch can be replaced by a character set
362 for item in items:
363 if len(item) != 1 or item[0][0] != LITERAL:
364 break
365 else:
366 # we can store this as a character set instead of a
367 # branch (the compiler may optimize this even more)
368 set = []
369 setappend = set.append
370 for item in items:
371 setappend(item[0])
372 subpatternappend((IN, set))
373 return subpattern
374
375 subpattern.append((BRANCH, (None, items)))
376 return subpattern
377
378def _parse_sub_cond(source, state, condgroup):
379 item_yes = _parse(source, state)
380 if source.match("|"):
381 item_no = _parse(source, state)
382 if source.match("|"):
383 raise error, "conditional backref with more than two branches"
384 else:
385 item_no = None
386 if source.next and not source.match(")", 0):
387 raise error, "pattern not properly closed"
388 subpattern = SubPattern(state)
389 subpattern.append((GROUPREF_EXISTS, (condgroup, item_yes, item_no)))
390 return subpattern
391
392_PATTERNENDERS = set("|)")
393_ASSERTCHARS = set("=!<")
394_LOOKBEHINDASSERTCHARS = set("=!")
395_REPEATCODES = set([MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT])
396
397def _parse(source, state):
398 # parse a simple pattern
399 subpattern = SubPattern(state)
400
401 # precompute constants into local variables
402 subpatternappend = subpattern.append
403 sourceget = source.get
404 sourcematch = source.match
405 _len = len
406 PATTERNENDERS = _PATTERNENDERS
407 ASSERTCHARS = _ASSERTCHARS
408 LOOKBEHINDASSERTCHARS = _LOOKBEHINDASSERTCHARS
409 REPEATCODES = _REPEATCODES
410
411 while 1:
412
413 if source.next in PATTERNENDERS:
414 break # end of subpattern
415 this = sourceget()
416 if this is None:
417 break # end of pattern
418
419 if state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE:
420 # skip whitespace and comments
421 if this in WHITESPACE:
422 continue
423 if this == "#":
424 while 1:
425 this = sourceget()
426 if this in (None, "\n"):
427 break
428 continue
429
430 if this and this[0] not in SPECIAL_CHARS:
431 subpatternappend((LITERAL, ord(this)))
432
433 elif this == "[":
434 # character set
435 set = []
436 setappend = set.append
437## if sourcematch(":"):
438## pass # handle character classes
439 if sourcematch("^"):
440 setappend((NEGATE, None))
441 # check remaining characters
442 start = set[:]
443 while 1:
444 this = sourceget()
445 if this == "]" and set != start:
446 break
447 elif this and this[0] == "\\":
448 code1 = _class_escape(source, this)
449 elif this:
450 code1 = LITERAL, ord(this)
451 else:
452 raise error, "unexpected end of regular expression"
453 if sourcematch("-"):
454 # potential range
455 this = sourceget()
456 if this == "]":
457 if code1[0] is IN:
458 code1 = code1[1][0]
459 setappend(code1)
460 setappend((LITERAL, ord("-")))
461 break
462 elif this:
463 if this[0] == "\\":
464 code2 = _class_escape(source, this)
465 else:
466 code2 = LITERAL, ord(this)
467 if code1[0] != LITERAL or code2[0] != LITERAL:
468 raise error, "bad character range"
469 lo = code1[1]
470 hi = code2[1]
471 if hi < lo:
472 raise error, "bad character range"
473 setappend((RANGE, (lo, hi)))
474 else:
475 raise error, "unexpected end of regular expression"
476 else:
477 if code1[0] is IN:
478 code1 = code1[1][0]
479 setappend(code1)
480
481 # XXX: <fl> should move set optimization to compiler!
482 if _len(set)==1 and set[0][0] is LITERAL:
483 subpatternappend(set[0]) # optimization
484 elif _len(set)==2 and set[0][0] is NEGATE and set[1][0] is LITERAL:
485 subpatternappend((NOT_LITERAL, set[1][1])) # optimization
486 else:
487 # XXX: <fl> should add charmap optimization here
488 subpatternappend((IN, set))
489
490 elif this and this[0] in REPEAT_CHARS:
491 # repeat previous item
492 if this == "?":
493 min, max = 0, 1
494 elif this == "*":
495 min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
496
497 elif this == "+":
498 min, max = 1, MAXREPEAT
499 elif this == "{":
500 if source.next == "}":
501 subpatternappend((LITERAL, ord(this)))
502 continue
503 here = source.tell()
504 min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
505 lo = hi = ""
506 while source.next in DIGITS:
507 lo = lo + source.get()
508 if sourcematch(","):
509 while source.next in DIGITS:
510 hi = hi + sourceget()
511 else:
512 hi = lo
513 if not sourcematch("}"):
514 subpatternappend((LITERAL, ord(this)))
515 source.seek(here)
516 continue
517 if lo:
518 min = int(lo)
519 if min >= MAXREPEAT:
520 raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
521 if hi:
522 max = int(hi)
523 if max >= MAXREPEAT:
524 raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
525 if max < min:
526 raise error("bad repeat interval")
527 else:
528 raise error, "not supported"
529 # figure out which item to repeat
530 if subpattern:
531 item = subpattern[-1:]
532 else:
533 item = None
534 if not item or (_len(item) == 1 and item[0][0] == AT):
535 raise error, "nothing to repeat"
536 if item[0][0] in REPEATCODES:
537 raise error, "multiple repeat"
538 if sourcematch("?"):
539 subpattern[-1] = (MIN_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
540 else:
541 subpattern[-1] = (MAX_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
542
543 elif this == ".":
544 subpatternappend((ANY, None))
545
546 elif this == "(":
547 group = 1
548 name = None
549 condgroup = None
550 if sourcematch("?"):
551 group = 0
552 # options
553 if sourcematch("P"):
554 # python extensions
555 if sourcematch("<"):
556 # named group: skip forward to end of name
557 name = ""
558 while 1:
559 char = sourceget()
560 if char is None:
561 raise error, "unterminated name"
562 if char == ">":
563 break
564 name = name + char
565 group = 1
566 if not name:
567 raise error("missing group name")
568 if not isname(name):
569 raise error("bad character in group name %r" %
570 name)
571 elif sourcematch("="):
572 # named backreference
573 name = ""
574 while 1:
575 char = sourceget()
576 if char is None:
577 raise error, "unterminated name"
578 if char == ")":
579 break
580 name = name + char
581 if not name:
582 raise error("missing group name")
583 if not isname(name):
584 raise error("bad character in backref group name "
585 "%r" % name)
586 gid = state.groupdict.get(name)
587 if gid is None:
588 msg = "unknown group name: {0!r}".format(name)
589 raise error(msg)
590 if state.lookbehind:
591 import warnings
592 warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind '
593 'assertions are not supported',
594 RuntimeWarning)
595 subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid))
596 continue
597 else:
598 char = sourceget()
599 if char is None:
600 raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
601 raise error, "unknown specifier: ?P%s" % char
602 elif sourcematch(":"):
603 # non-capturing group
604 group = 2
605 elif sourcematch("#"):
606 # comment
607 while 1:
608 if source.next is None or source.next == ")":
609 break
610 sourceget()
611 if not sourcematch(")"):
612 raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
613 continue
614 elif source.next in ASSERTCHARS:
615 # lookahead assertions
616 char = sourceget()
617 dir = 1
618 if char == "<":
619 if source.next not in LOOKBEHINDASSERTCHARS:
620 raise error, "syntax error"
621 dir = -1 # lookbehind
622 char = sourceget()
623 state.lookbehind += 1
624 p = _parse_sub(source, state)
625 if dir < 0:
626 state.lookbehind -= 1
627 if not sourcematch(")"):
628 raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
629 if char == "=":
630 subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p)))
631 else:
632 subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p)))
633 continue
634 elif sourcematch("("):
635 # conditional backreference group
636 condname = ""
637 while 1:
638 char = sourceget()
639 if char is None:
640 raise error, "unterminated name"
641 if char == ")":
642 break
643 condname = condname + char
644 group = 2
645 if not condname:
646 raise error("missing group name")
647 if isname(condname):
648 condgroup = state.groupdict.get(condname)
649 if condgroup is None:
650 msg = "unknown group name: {0!r}".format(condname)
651 raise error(msg)
652 else:
653 try:
654 condgroup = int(condname)
655 except ValueError:
656 raise error, "bad character in group name"
657 if state.lookbehind:
658 import warnings
659 warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind '
660 'assertions are not supported',
661 RuntimeWarning)
662 else:
663 # flags
664 if not source.next in FLAGS:
665 raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
666 while source.next in FLAGS:
667 state.flags = state.flags | FLAGS[sourceget()]
668 if group:
669 # parse group contents
670 if group == 2:
671 # anonymous group
672 group = None
673 else:
674 group = state.opengroup(name)
675 if condgroup:
676 p = _parse_sub_cond(source, state, condgroup)
677 else:
678 p = _parse_sub(source, state)
679 if not sourcematch(")"):
680 raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
681 if group is not None:
682 state.closegroup(group)
683 subpatternappend((SUBPATTERN, (group, p)))
684 else:
685 while 1:
686 char = sourceget()
687 if char is None:
688 raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
689 if char == ")":
690 break
691 raise error, "unknown extension"
692
693 elif this == "^":
694 subpatternappend((AT, AT_BEGINNING))
695
696 elif this == "$":
697 subpattern.append((AT, AT_END))
698
699 elif this and this[0] == "\\":
700 code = _escape(source, this, state)
701 subpatternappend(code)
702
703 else:
704 raise error, "parser error"
705
706 return subpattern
707
708def parse(str, flags=0, pattern=None):
709 # parse 're' pattern into list of (opcode, argument) tuples
710
711 source = Tokenizer(str)
712
713 if pattern is None:
714 pattern = Pattern()
715 pattern.flags = flags
716 pattern.str = str
717
718 p = _parse_sub(source, pattern, 0)
719
720 tail = source.get()
721 if tail == ")":
722 raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
723 elif tail:
724 raise error, "bogus characters at end of regular expression"
725
726 if not (flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE) and p.pattern.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE:
727 # the VERBOSE flag was switched on inside the pattern. to be
728 # on the safe side, we'll parse the whole thing again...
729 return parse(str, p.pattern.flags)
730
731 if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
732 p.dump()
733
734 return p
735
736def parse_template(source, pattern):
737 # parse 're' replacement string into list of literals and
738 # group references
739 s = Tokenizer(source)
740 sget = s.get
741 p = []
742 a = p.append
743 def literal(literal, p=p, pappend=a):
744 if p and p[-1][0] is LITERAL:
745 p[-1] = LITERAL, p[-1][1] + literal
746 else:
747 pappend((LITERAL, literal))
748 sep = source[:0]
749 if type(sep) is type(""):
750 makechar = chr
751 else:
752 makechar = unichr
753 while 1:
754 this = sget()
755 if this is None:
756 break # end of replacement string
757 if this and this[0] == "\\":
758 # group
759 c = this[1:2]
760 if c == "g":
761 name = ""
762 if s.match("<"):
763 while 1:
764 char = sget()
765 if char is None:
766 raise error, "unterminated group name"
767 if char == ">":
768 break
769 name = name + char
770 if not name:
771 raise error, "missing group name"
772 try:
773 index = int(name)
774 if index < 0:
775 raise error, "negative group number"
776 except ValueError:
777 if not isname(name):
778 raise error, "bad character in group name"
779 try:
780 index = pattern.groupindex[name]
781 except KeyError:
782 msg = "unknown group name: {0!r}".format(name)
783 raise IndexError(msg)
784 a((MARK, index))
785 elif c == "0":
786 if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
787 this = this + sget()
788 if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
789 this = this + sget()
790 literal(makechar(int(this[1:], 8) & 0xff))
791 elif c in DIGITS:
792 isoctal = False
793 if s.next in DIGITS:
794 this = this + sget()
795 if (c in OCTDIGITS and this[2] in OCTDIGITS and
796 s.next in OCTDIGITS):
797 this = this + sget()
798 isoctal = True
799 literal(makechar(int(this[1:], 8) & 0xff))
800 if not isoctal:
801 a((MARK, int(this[1:])))
802 else:
803 try:
804 this = makechar(ESCAPES[this][1])
805 except KeyError:
806 pass
807 literal(this)
808 else:
809 literal(this)
810 # convert template to groups and literals lists
811 i = 0
812 groups = []
813 groupsappend = groups.append
814 literals = [None] * len(p)
815 for c, s in p:
816 if c is MARK:
817 groupsappend((i, s))
818 # literal[i] is already None
819 else:
820 literals[i] = s
821 i = i + 1
822 return groups, literals
823
824def expand_template(template, match):
825 g = match.group
826 sep = match.string[:0]
827 groups, literals = template
828 literals = literals[:]
829 try:
830 for index, group in groups:
831 literals[index] = s = g(group)
832 if s is None:
833 raise error, "unmatched group"
834 except IndexError:
835 raise error, "invalid group reference"
836 return sep.join(literals)